A ROM dumping device for the ROMs can be copied from the read-only memory chips found in cartridge-based games and many arcade machines using a dedicated device in a process known as dumping. For most common home video game systems, these devices are widely available, examples being the or the. Dumping ROMs from arcade machines, which in fact are highly customized, often requires individual setups for each machine along with a large amount of expertise. Copy protection mechanisms [ ] While ROM images are often used as a means of preserving the history of computer games, they are also often used to facilitate the unauthorized copying and redistribution of modern games. Seeing this as potentially reducing sales of their products, many game companies have incorporated features into newer games which are designed to prevent copying, while still allowing the original game to be played. For instance, the used non-standard 8 cm DVD-like optical media which for a long time prevented games from being copied to PCs. It was not until a was found in that GameCube games could be successfully copied to a PC, using the GameCube itself to read the discs.
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Also employed a protection on their games starting with in 1999 which used an encryption algorithm on the graphics ROMs which prevented them from being played in an emulator. Many thought that this would mark the end of Neo Geo emulation. However, as early as 2000, hackers found a way to decrypt and dump the ROMs successfully, making them playable once again in any Neo Geo emulator. Another company which used to protect their arcade games was which is known for its arcade board. This contained a heavy copy protection algorithm which was not broken until 7 years after the system's release in 1993. The original crack by the CPS2Shock Team was not a true emulation of the protection because it used XOR tables to bypass the original encryption and allow the game to play in an emulator.
Their stated intent was to wait until CPS-2 games were no longer profitable to release the decryption method (three years after the last game release). The full decryption algorithm was cracked in 2007 by Nicola Salmoria, Andreas Naive and Charles MacDonald of the development team. Another copy protection technique used in cartridge-games was to have the game attempt to write to ROM.
On an authentic cartridge this would do nothing, however, emulators would often allow the write to succeed. Pirate cartridges also often used writable chips instead of ROM. By reading the value back to see whether the write succeeded, the game could tell whether it was running from an authentic cartridge. Alternatively, the game may simply attempt to overwrite critical program instructions, which if successful renders it unplayable.
Some games, such as Game Boy games, also had other hardware such as memory bank controllers connected to the. The game would send data to this hardware by attempting to write it to specific areas of ROM; thus, if the ROM were writable, this process would corrupt data. Capcom's latest arcade board is the. This was resistant to emulation attempts until June 2007, when the encryption method was by Andreas Naive.
It is currently implemented by and a variant of the CPS-2 emulator Nebula. Uses [ ] Emulation [ ] typically take ROM images as.
Software ROM [ ] ROM images are used when developing for. Software which is being developed for embedded computers is often written to ROM files for testing on a standard computer before it is written to a ROM chip for use in the embedded system. Digital preservation [ ] The lifespan of digital media is rarely great.
While black-and-white photographs may survive for a century or more, many digital media can become unreadable after only 10 years. This is beginning to become a problem as early computer systems may be presently fifty or sixty years old while early home video consoles may be almost thirty years old. Due to this aging, there is a significant worry that many early computer and video games may not survive without being transferred to new media.
So, those with an interest in preservation are actively seeking older arcade and video games and attempting to dump them to ROM images. When stored on standardized media such as CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs, they can be copied to future media with significantly reduced effort.
The trend towards mass digital distribution of ROM image files, while potentially damaging to copyright holders, may also have a positive effect on preservation. While over time many original ROM copies of older games may deteriorate, be broken or thrown away, a copy in file form may be distributed throughout the world, allowing games which would otherwise have been lost a greater chance of survival.
Hacks and fan translations [ ]. Main articles: and Once games have been made available in ROM format, it is possible for users to make modifications. This may take the form of altering graphics, changing game levels, tweaking difficulty factor, or even translation into a language for which a game was not originally made available. Can often take humorous forms, as is the case with a hack of the version of, titled Afro Mario Brothers, which features the famous brothers wearing.
The Metroid Redesign mod is a hack of that revamps the game and adds new objectives. A large scene has developed to translate games into other languages. Many games receive a release in one part of the world, but not in another. For example, many released in go unreleased in the West and East outside Japan. A group of will often translate the game themselves to meet demand for titles. For example, the 1995 game was only officially released in Japan; DeJap Translations translated the game's on-screen text into English in 2001. Further to this, a project called was begun to translate the actual speech from the game.
An official English version was not released until March 2006, some five years after the text translation was released. Another example was that of Mother 3, a Japan-only sequel to the cult-favorite.
In spite of massive fan response and several petitions for an English translation, the only response from Nintendo was that Mother 3 would be translated and released in Europe, which it never was. Instead, the fan website Starmen.net undertook a massive and released the translated version of Mother 3 in October, 2008. The translation was praised by fans and even employees from Nintendo, Square Enix, and other industry professionals. The Japanese game Dōbutsu no Mori (Animal Forest) has also been translated into English. The game was originally only released on N64 in Japan, but it was ported to and renamed.
Hacks may range from simple tweaks such as graphic fixes and cheats, to full-blown redesigns of the game, in effect creating an entirely new game using the original as a base. Similar image types [ ] Image files derived from are known as, while those derived from and (and other disk formats) are known as. Images copied from optical media are also called, after one of the standard for optical media,. Creating images from other media is often considerably easier and can often be performed with off-the-shelf hardware.
For example, the creation of from games stored on magnetic tapes (from, for example, the computer) generally involves simply playing the magnetic tape using a standard player connected to the line-in of a PC. This is then recorded to an audio file and transformed into a tape image file using another program. Likewise, many CD and DVD games may be copied using a standard PC CD/DVD drive. References [ ]. • CPS2Shock (2001-jan-07), accessed 2007-aug-10 • Conley, James; Andros, Ed; Chinai, Priti; Lipkowitz, Elise; Perez, David (Spring 2004).. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Fans of classic games argue that emulation preserves video arcade games, many of which would otherwise be approaching extinction. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
MAME is strictly a non-profit project. Its main purpose is to be a reference to the inner workings of the emulated arcade machines. This is done both for educational purposes and for preservation purposes, in order to prevent many historical games from disappearing forever once the hardware they run on stops working. • Hyman, Paul (2004-10-08)... Archived from on September 28, 2009.
Retrieved 2009-05-06. [T]he archivists feel that the more copyable something is, the more likely it's going to survive in the long term. External links [ ] • • •.
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